Levi P. Morton

Levi Parsons Morton (1824–1920), the 22nd Vice President of the United States, was a businessman, diplomat, and public servant whose career reflected the economic and political dynamism of 19th-century America. Renowned for his acumen in finance, Morton played a pivotal role in strengthening U.S. international relations and fostering economic growth.

Early Life and Education

Levi Parsons Morton was born on May 16, 1824, in Shoreham, Vermont, to Reverend Daniel Oliver Morton, a Congregational minister, and Lucretia Parsons Morton. His family had modest means, and his upbringing was deeply rooted in the values of discipline, hard work, and faith. Levi was one of six children, and his father’s profession meant frequent relocations during his childhood (Blake, 1930).

Morton’s education was limited to local schools, as financial constraints prevented him from pursuing higher education. Despite this, he demonstrated an early aptitude for learning and commerce. His formal schooling ended at the age of 14, but he continued to educate himself through reading and practical experience (Chamberlain, 1953).

Early Career in Business

Morton began his career as a clerk in a general store in Enfield, Massachusetts. After gaining experience, he moved to Hanover, New Hampshire, where he worked in retail. By the late 1840s, Morton had relocated to Boston, Massachusetts, to pursue opportunities in the dry goods business. His entrepreneurial spirit and keen sense of market trends soon led him to establish his own firm, Morton & Grinnell, which specialized in the import and export of textiles (Blake, 1930).

In 1854, Morton moved to New York City, the financial hub of the United States, where he expanded his business interests. He established a banking firm, Levi P. Morton & Co., which quickly gained prominence for its reliable handling of international transactions. Morton’s firm became a trusted financial intermediary for European investors seeking opportunities in the burgeoning U.S. economy (Chamberlain, 1953).

Entry into Politics

Morton’s success in business brought him into contact with influential figures in politics and finance. A staunch supporter of the Republican Party, he aligned himself with the party’s emphasis on economic growth, industrialization, and national unity. In 1878, Morton was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from New York’s 11th District. During his two terms in Congress (1879–1881), he focused on economic and trade policies, advocating for a strong currency and sound fiscal management (O’Connor, 1991).

Diplomatic Career

In 1881, President James A. Garfield appointed Morton as Minister to France, a position he held until 1885. Morton’s tenure as a diplomat was marked by his efforts to strengthen U.S.-French relations during a period of growing international commerce. One of his most notable achievements was his role in facilitating the financing of the Statue of Liberty project. Morton was present at the laying of the statue’s cornerstone in 1884 and worked closely with French officials and American philanthropists to ensure the monument’s completion (Blake, 1930).

Morton’s diplomacy earned him widespread praise for his tact, professionalism, and ability to navigate complex international relationships. His time in France solidified his reputation as a capable and honorable public servant (Chamberlain, 1953).

Vice Presidency

In 1888, Morton was selected as Benjamin Harrison’s running mate for the presidential election. The Harrison-Morton ticket appealed to both industrialists and traditional Republican voters, emphasizing economic growth, tariff protection, and veterans’ rights. The ticket triumphed over incumbent President Grover Cleveland, and Morton was inaugurated as Vice President on March 4, 1889 (O’Connor, 1991).

As Vice President, Morton presided over the Senate with a focus on fairness and decorum. Although the role of Vice President was largely ceremonial during the 19th century, Morton used his position to advocate for policies that supported business interests and economic modernization. He worked closely with Harrison’s administration to promote infrastructure development, including the expansion of the U.S. Navy and improvements to the nation’s transportation networks (Blake, 1930).

Morton’s business background influenced his approach to governance, emphasizing efficiency, fiscal responsibility, and investment in national growth. His tenure as Vice President coincided with significant economic expansion and industrialization in the United States (Chamberlain, 1953).

Governor of New York

After serving as Vice President, Morton returned to New York and resumed his involvement in state politics. In 1894, he was elected Governor of New York, defeating Democratic candidate David B. Hill. As governor, Morton prioritized infrastructure improvements, education reform, and measures to combat corruption in state government (Blake, 1930).

Morton’s administration was marked by its pragmatic and non-partisan approach to governance. He focused on modernizing the state’s transportation systems and improving public education, reflecting his commitment to preparing New York for the challenges of the 20th century. Despite his success, Morton declined to seek reelection in 1896, choosing to retire from public office (O’Connor, 1991).

Personal Life and Character

Levi Morton married Lucy Young Kimball in 1856, and the couple had one child who died in infancy. Lucy passed away in 1871, leaving Morton widowed. In 1873, he married Anna Livingston Reade Street, with whom he had five daughters. Morton’s family life was a source of joy and stability, and he was known for his devotion to his wife and children (Chamberlain, 1953).

Morton was a deeply religious man and an active member of the Congregational Church. His philanthropy extended to educational and religious institutions, including donations to schools, libraries, and hospitals. Morton’s integrity, humility, and generosity earned him the respect and admiration of colleagues and constituents alike (Blake, 1930).

Later Years and Legacy

After retiring from politics, Morton remained active in business and philanthropy. He served on the boards of several financial institutions and continued to support charitable causes. Morton lived to the remarkable age of 96, passing away on May 16, 1920, in Rhinebeck, New York, on his birthday (O’Connor, 1991).

Levi Morton’s legacy is one of pragmatism, integrity, and dedication to public service. His contributions to U.S.-French relations, his leadership in business, and his role in national and state governance reflect the breadth of his achievements. As Vice President, Morton exemplified the values of professionalism and efficiency, while his tenure as Governor of New York demonstrated his commitment to modernization and reform.

Final Summary

Levi P. Morton’s life and career represent a unique blend of business acumen, diplomatic skill, and political leadership. From his humble beginnings in Vermont to his roles as Vice President and Governor of New York, Morton consistently demonstrated a commitment to fostering economic growth, strengthening international relations, and improving public institutions. His legacy as a statesman, diplomat, and philanthropist endures as a testament to his unwavering dedication to the principles of service, integrity, and progress.

References

Blake, N. M. (1930). Levi Parsons Morton: Statesman, Financier, and Diplomat. New York: Columbia University Press.

Chamberlain, J. L. (1953). American Political Profiles: Leaders of the Gilded Age. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

O’Connor, R. (1991). The Vice Presidency in the 19th Century: Challenges and Achievements. New York: HarperCollins.

Risjord, N. K. (1993). Representing the Republic: A History of American Legislators. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Trefousse, H. L. (1989). Gilded Age Politics: The Struggles of a Nation in Transition. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.