Aaron Burr
Early Life and Education
Aaron Burr, the third Vice President of the United States, was born on February 6, 1756, in Newark, New Jersey. He was the second child of Reverend Aaron Burr Sr., the second president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), and Esther Edwards Burr, the daughter of the renowned theologian Jonathan Edwards. Tragedy struck early in Burr’s life when both of his parents died before he reached the age of three, leaving him and his sister, Sarah, to be raised by extended family members (Isenberg, 2007).
Despite this challenging start, Burr’s early years were marked by a rigorous education that prepared him for a life of intellectual and political ambition. He demonstrated precocious intelligence, gaining admission to Princeton University at the age of 13. Burr graduated in 1772 with distinction, displaying a particular aptitude for theology and philosophy. Although initially drawn to a career in the clergy, Burr’s interest shifted toward law and politics—a decision that would shape the trajectory of his life (Ellis, 2000).
Military Service in the American Revolution
At the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775, Burr enlisted in the Continental Army, serving with distinction under General Benedict Arnold during the ill-fated expedition to Quebec. Despite the mission’s failure, Burr’s bravery and leadership earned him commendation and recognition within the military ranks. He later joined General George Washington’s staff but soon transferred due to personal disagreements with Washington, reflecting a recurring theme in Burr’s life: his often strained relationships with influential figures (McCullough, 1992).
In 1777, Burr was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and took command of a regiment in the Continental Army. He served with distinction during the harsh winter at Valley Forge and later at the Battle of Monmouth. However, in 1779, health issues forced Burr to resign from active military service. His experiences during the war cemented his reputation as a courageous and capable leader, providing a foundation for his later political ambitions (Freeman, 2011).
Legal Career and Entry into Politics
After the war, Burr completed his legal studies and was admitted to the bar in 1782, establishing a law practice in New York City. His legal acumen and charismatic presence quickly made him a prominent figure in the New York legal community. Burr’s practice flourished, and he became known for his defense of individual rights and liberties, often taking on cases that aligned with his emerging political philosophy (Isenberg, 2007).
Burr’s entry into politics was a natural progression from his legal career. He was elected to the New York State Assembly in 1784, where he advocated for policies that promoted economic development and individual freedoms. His political philosophy was influenced by the Enlightenment ideals of reason and equality, which set him apart from some of his contemporaries who favored a more centralized government (Ellis, 2000).
In 1789, Burr was appointed Attorney General of New York by Governor George Clinton, a position that further elevated his political profile. His tenure as Attorney General was marked by efforts to combat corruption and promote legal reform. Burr’s rising influence culminated in his election to the United States Senate in 1791, where he served as a representative of New York until 1797 (McCullough, 1992).
Vice Presidency and the Election of 1800
The election of 1800 was one of the most contentious and pivotal in American history. Burr initially ran as Thomas Jefferson’s running mate on the Democratic-Republican ticket, opposing the Federalist incumbents John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney. However, the election resulted in an electoral tie between Jefferson and Burr, both receiving 73 electoral votes. The tie sent the decision to the House of Representatives, where after 36 ballots, Jefferson was ultimately elected president, and Burr became vice president (Freeman, 2011).
Burr’s role as vice president from 1801 to 1805 was characterized by his presiding over the Senate with impartiality and dignity. He earned praise for his fairness during Senate debates and his ability to navigate the complexities of legislative procedure. However, his relationship with Jefferson quickly deteriorated, as the president and his supporters grew increasingly suspicious of Burr’s political ambitions and perceived lack of loyalty (Isenberg, 2007).
The Duel with Alexander Hamilton
Burr’s political career took a dramatic turn in 1804 when he ran for governor of New York. During the campaign, he faced fierce opposition from both Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, including Alexander Hamilton, who publicly disparaged Burr’s character and political integrity. The animosity between Burr and Hamilton had been building for years, fueled by personal and political rivalries.
In response to Hamilton’s attacks, Burr challenged him to a duel—a practice that, while illegal, was still culturally accepted among the political elite. On July 11, 1804, the two men met in Weehawken, New Jersey. Burr mortally wounded Hamilton, who died the following day. The duel had far-reaching consequences for Burr’s life and career, effectively ending his political prospects and casting him as a villain in the eyes of many Americans (Ellis, 2000).
Later Life and the Western Conspiracy
Following the duel, Burr completed his term as vice president but found himself ostracized from national politics. Seeking to revive his fortunes, he embarked on a controversial expedition to the western territories, where he allegedly plotted to establish an independent republic. Burr’s actions aroused suspicion, and in 1807, he was arrested and tried for treason.
The trial, presided over by Chief Justice John Marshall, was a national spectacle. Despite the government’s efforts to convict him, Burr was acquitted due to lack of evidence and the strict legal definition of treason. The trial, however, left his reputation in ruins, and he spent the next several years in self-imposed exile in Europe (Isenberg, 2007).
Final Years and Legacy
Burr returned to the United States in 1812, resuming his legal practice in New York. Despite his efforts to rebuild his life, he never regained the political influence or social standing he once enjoyed. His later years were marked by personal tragedy, including the death of his only daughter, Theodosia, in a shipwreck in 1813.
Aaron Burr died on September 14, 1836, at the age of 80. He remains one of the most enigmatic and controversial figures in American history—a man whose brilliance and ambition were matched by his flaws and failures. While often remembered for his duel with Hamilton, Burr’s contributions to the early Republic, including his advocacy for individual rights and legal reform, continue to be the subject of historical debate and reassessment (Freeman, 2011).
Final Summary
Aaron Burr’s life was a complex tapestry of triumph and tragedy, marked by extraordinary achievements and devastating setbacks. From his early years as a Revolutionary War hero to his rise as a prominent lawyer and politician, Burr’s career exemplified the possibilities and challenges of the young American Republic. His tenure as vice president and his role in the election of 1800 highlighted his political acumen, while his infamous duel with Hamilton and subsequent fall from grace underscored the personal and political conflicts that defined his era. Despite his controversial legacy, Burr’s life offers valuable insights into the complexities of leadership, ambition, and the pursuit of power in a democratic society.
References
Ellis, J. J. (2000). Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. Vintage Books.
Freeman, J. (2011). Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic. Yale University Press.
Isenberg, N. (2007). Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr. Viking Penguin.
McCullough, D. (1992). Brave Companions: Portraits in History. Simon & Schuster.
Smith, R. E. (2010). The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr: Law, Politics, and the Character Wars of the New Nation. University of Virginia Press.